Review

cariogenic streptococcus mutans ua159 strain (ATCC)

Name: cariogenic streptococcus mutans ua159 strain
Brand: ATCC
Rating: 98 (648 reviews)

ATCC is a verified supplier

ATCC manufactures this product

About

News

Press Release

Team

Advisors

Partners

Contact

Bioz Stars

Bioz vStars

Buy from Supplier

Structured Review

ATCC cariogenic streptococcus mutans ua159 strain
Primers used for real-time qPCR of the indicated S. mutans genes [ <xref ref-type=

50 , 55 ]. " width="250" height="auto" />
Cariogenic Streptococcus Mutans Ua159 Strain, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 98/100, based on 648 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/cariogenic streptococcus mutans ua159 strain/product/ATCC
Average 98 stars, based on 648 article reviews

cariogenic streptococcus mutans ua159 strain - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02

98/100 stars

Images

1) Product Images from "Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans"

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

Journal: Biomolecules

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

50 , 55 ]. " title="Primers used for real-time qPCR of the indicated S. mutans genes [
Figure Legend Snippet: Primers used for real-time qPCR of the indicated S. mutans genes [ 50 , 55 ].

Techniques Used:

ZnO NPs prevent the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans . ( A ) Planktonic growth of S. mutans following a 24 h incubation with indicated ZnO NP concentrations. ( B ) Metabolic activity of biofilms formed after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by MTT assay. ( C ) Biofilm biomass after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by crystal violet staining. The control bacteria incubated for 24 h in the absence of ZnO NPs was set to 100%. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control.

Figure Legend Snippet: ZnO NPs prevent the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans . ( A ) Planktonic growth of S. mutans following a 24 h incubation with indicated ZnO NP concentrations. ( B ) Metabolic activity of biofilms formed after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by MTT assay. ( C ) Biofilm biomass after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by crystal violet staining. The control bacteria incubated for 24 h in the absence of ZnO NPs was set to 100%. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control.

Techniques Used: Incubation, Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Staining, Control, Bacteria

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of ZnO NPs on S. mutans . ( A ) CFU counts of S. mutans at various time points after exposure to indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( B ) ATP levels in S. mutans at various time points after being exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, relative to the initial levels at time 0 which was set to 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria at each time point.

Figure Legend Snippet: Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of ZnO NPs on S. mutans . ( A ) CFU counts of S. mutans at various time points after exposure to indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( B ) ATP levels in S. mutans at various time points after being exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, relative to the initial levels at time 0 which was set to 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria at each time point.

Techniques Used: Control, Bacteria

Effect of ZnO NPs on the pH of S. mutans cultures over a 30 h incubation period. The pH of the culture medium was monitored at different time points to evaluate acid production in the presence of various concentrations of ZnO NPs (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) compared with the untreated control. ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on the pH of S. mutans cultures over a 30 h incubation period. The pH of the culture medium was monitored at different time points to evaluate acid production in the presence of various concentrations of ZnO NPs (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) compared with the untreated control. ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Incubation, Control, Bacteria

ZnO NPs induce membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage in S. mutans. S. mutans cultures were treated with the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 6 h, followed by SYTO 9/PI live/dead staining and analysis by flow cytometry. The percentage of PI + and SYTO 9 low are presented. The graph presents the mean ±SD of three replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: ZnO NPs induce membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage in S. mutans. S. mutans cultures were treated with the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 6 h, followed by SYTO 9/PI live/dead staining and analysis by flow cytometry. The percentage of PI + and SYTO 9 low are presented. The graph presents the mean ±SD of three replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Membrane, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Bacteria

High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) images of planktonic growing S. mutans following 2 h incubation with increasing concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( A ) Control (untreated); ( B ) 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( C ) 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( D ) 0.5 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( E ) 1 mg/mL ZnO NPs. Images were acquired double-blinded at ×20,000 magnification. ( F ) Summary of EDS analysis of Zn/C content in 3 arbitrary sites of each sample as presented in . * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005.

Figure Legend Snippet: High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) images of planktonic growing S. mutans following 2 h incubation with increasing concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( A ) Control (untreated); ( B ) 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( C ) 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( D ) 0.5 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( E ) 1 mg/mL ZnO NPs. Images were acquired double-blinded at ×20,000 magnification. ( F ) Summary of EDS analysis of Zn/C content in 3 arbitrary sites of each sample as presented in . * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005.

Techniques Used: Electron Microscopy, Incubation, Control

ZnO NPs increase ROS production in S. mutans . S. mutans was incubated in HBSS supplemented with 1% glucose, 50 µM Luminol and 4 U/mL HRP in the absence or presence of the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, and the luminescence was measured every minute for 125 min. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are converted into radicals by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which then oxidize luminol to emit luminescence. ( A ) Untreated bacteria (no ZnO NPs) showed moderate luminescence due to basic ROS production, while treatment with ZnO NPs induced a concentration-dependent increase in luminescence, with the strongest response observed at 1 mg/mL. Background (1 mg/mL ZnO) showed negligible luminescence, confirming that the luminescence originated from the bacteria. ( B ) Quantification of total ROS production during the 125 min test period expressed as the area under the curve (AUC ± SD) calculated from data presented in panel A. The AUC values demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in response to ZnO NP treatment. * p < 0.05, ** p <0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: ZnO NPs increase ROS production in S. mutans . S. mutans was incubated in HBSS supplemented with 1% glucose, 50 µM Luminol and 4 U/mL HRP in the absence or presence of the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, and the luminescence was measured every minute for 125 min. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are converted into radicals by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which then oxidize luminol to emit luminescence. ( A ) Untreated bacteria (no ZnO NPs) showed moderate luminescence due to basic ROS production, while treatment with ZnO NPs induced a concentration-dependent increase in luminescence, with the strongest response observed at 1 mg/mL. Background (1 mg/mL ZnO) showed negligible luminescence, confirming that the luminescence originated from the bacteria. ( B ) Quantification of total ROS production during the 125 min test period expressed as the area under the curve (AUC ± SD) calculated from data presented in panel A. The AUC values demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in response to ZnO NP treatment. * p < 0.05, ** p <0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Incubation, Bacteria, Concentration Assay, Control

Effect of ZnO NPs on the membrane potential of S. mutans. Membrane potential was assessed using the potentiometric dye DiOC2(3). Green (530 nm) and red (610/620 nm) fluorescence intensities were measured by flow cytometry after a 30 min exposure to increasing ZnO NP concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. a: p < 0.05 when comparing red fluorescence intensity with green fluorescent intensity. b: p < 0.05 when comparing the fluorescent intensity of treated cells with that of untreated control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on the membrane potential of S. mutans. Membrane potential was assessed using the potentiometric dye DiOC2(3). Green (530 nm) and red (610/620 nm) fluorescence intensities were measured by flow cytometry after a 30 min exposure to increasing ZnO NP concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. a: p < 0.05 when comparing red fluorescence intensity with green fluorescent intensity. b: p < 0.05 when comparing the fluorescent intensity of treated cells with that of untreated control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Membrane, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Control, Bacteria

Effect of ZnO on EPS production by S. mutans. S. mutans was exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 2, 4 and 6 h, and then 10 µL of the bacterial suspension was spotted on Conge Red agar plates for a 24 h incubation. The black area around the bacteria, indicative of EPS production, was measured by ImageJ software. EPS production was measured after 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure to increasing ZnO concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of ZnO on EPS production by S. mutans. S. mutans was exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 2, 4 and 6 h, and then 10 µL of the bacterial suspension was spotted on Conge Red agar plates for a 24 h incubation. The black area around the bacteria, indicative of EPS production, was measured by ImageJ software. EPS production was measured after 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure to increasing ZnO concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Suspension, Incubation, Bacteria, Software, Control

Effect of ZnO NPs on gene expression in S. mutans . Relative expression levels of selected genes were measured by real-time qPCR after 2 h exposure to 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs compared with untreated control. Expression levels were normalized to the housekeeping gene gyrA and fold-changes calculated using the 2 −ΔΔCt method. ( A ) Quorum sensing–related genes. ( B ) Genes involved in regulating biofilm formation and membrane integrity. ( C ) EPS production-related genes. ( D ) Stress response and cell division-related genes. Several genes showed significant upregulation or downregulation in response to ZnO NPs, indicating that sub-inhibitory concentrations modulate stress adaptation and virulence pathways. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. n = 3, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on gene expression in S. mutans . Relative expression levels of selected genes were measured by real-time qPCR after 2 h exposure to 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs compared with untreated control. Expression levels were normalized to the housekeeping gene gyrA and fold-changes calculated using the 2 −ΔΔCt method. ( A ) Quorum sensing–related genes. ( B ) Genes involved in regulating biofilm formation and membrane integrity. ( C ) EPS production-related genes. ( D ) Stress response and cell division-related genes. Several genes showed significant upregulation or downregulation in response to ZnO NPs, indicating that sub-inhibitory concentrations modulate stress adaptation and virulence pathways. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. n = 3, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Techniques Used: Gene Expression, Expressing, Control, Membrane, Bacteria

Image Search Results

50 , 55 ]. " width="100%" height="100%">

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primers used for real-time qPCR of the indicated S. mutans genes [ 50 , 55 ].

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques:

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZnO NPs prevent the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans . ( A ) Planktonic growth of S. mutans following a 24 h incubation with indicated ZnO NP concentrations. ( B ) Metabolic activity of biofilms formed after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by MTT assay. ( C ) Biofilm biomass after a 24 h incubation with ZnO NPs as determined by crystal violet staining. The control bacteria incubated for 24 h in the absence of ZnO NPs was set to 100%. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Incubation, Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Staining, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect of ZnO NPs on S. mutans . ( A ) CFU counts of S. mutans at various time points after exposure to indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( B ) ATP levels in S. mutans at various time points after being exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, relative to the initial levels at time 0 which was set to 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria at each time point.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Control, Bacteria

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on the pH of S. mutans cultures over a 30 h incubation period. The pH of the culture medium was monitored at different time points to evaluate acid production in the presence of various concentrations of ZnO NPs (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) compared with the untreated control. ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Incubation, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZnO NPs induce membrane damage and cytoplasmic leakage in S. mutans. S. mutans cultures were treated with the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 6 h, followed by SYTO 9/PI live/dead staining and analysis by flow cytometry. The percentage of PI + and SYTO 9 low are presented. The graph presents the mean ±SD of three replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Membrane, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) images of planktonic growing S. mutans following 2 h incubation with increasing concentrations of ZnO NPs. ( A ) Control (untreated); ( B ) 0.1 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( C ) 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( D ) 0.5 mg/mL ZnO NPs; ( E ) 1 mg/mL ZnO NPs. Images were acquired double-blinded at ×20,000 magnification. ( F ) Summary of EDS analysis of Zn/C content in 3 arbitrary sites of each sample as presented in . * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy, Incubation, Control

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZnO NPs increase ROS production in S. mutans . S. mutans was incubated in HBSS supplemented with 1% glucose, 50 µM Luminol and 4 U/mL HRP in the absence or presence of the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs, and the luminescence was measured every minute for 125 min. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are converted into radicals by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which then oxidize luminol to emit luminescence. ( A ) Untreated bacteria (no ZnO NPs) showed moderate luminescence due to basic ROS production, while treatment with ZnO NPs induced a concentration-dependent increase in luminescence, with the strongest response observed at 1 mg/mL. Background (1 mg/mL ZnO) showed negligible luminescence, confirming that the luminescence originated from the bacteria. ( B ) Quantification of total ROS production during the 125 min test period expressed as the area under the curve (AUC ± SD) calculated from data presented in panel A. The AUC values demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in response to ZnO NP treatment. * p < 0.05, ** p <0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Incubation, Bacteria, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on the membrane potential of S. mutans. Membrane potential was assessed using the potentiometric dye DiOC2(3). Green (530 nm) and red (610/620 nm) fluorescence intensities were measured by flow cytometry after a 30 min exposure to increasing ZnO NP concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. a: p < 0.05 when comparing red fluorescence intensity with green fluorescent intensity. b: p < 0.05 when comparing the fluorescent intensity of treated cells with that of untreated control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Membrane, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ZnO on EPS production by S. mutans. S. mutans was exposed to the indicated concentrations of ZnO NPs for 2, 4 and 6 h, and then 10 µL of the bacterial suspension was spotted on Conge Red agar plates for a 24 h incubation. The black area around the bacteria, indicative of EPS production, was measured by ImageJ software. EPS production was measured after 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure to increasing ZnO concentrations (0–10 mg/mL). Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Suspension, Incubation, Bacteria, Software, Control

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3390/biom15121660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of ZnO NPs on gene expression in S. mutans . Relative expression levels of selected genes were measured by real-time qPCR after 2 h exposure to 0.25 mg/mL ZnO NPs compared with untreated control. Expression levels were normalized to the housekeeping gene gyrA and fold-changes calculated using the 2 −ΔΔCt method. ( A ) Quorum sensing–related genes. ( B ) Genes involved in regulating biofilm formation and membrane integrity. ( C ) EPS production-related genes. ( D ) Stress response and cell division-related genes. Several genes showed significant upregulation or downregulation in response to ZnO NPs, indicating that sub-inhibitory concentrations modulate stress adaptation and virulence pathways. Data are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. n = 3, ** p < 0.005 compared to control bacteria.

Article Snippet: The cariogenic Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the bacterial model strain in our study.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Control, Membrane, Bacteria

The ∆ gtfB mutant lacking GtfB exhibited increased resistance to ClyR. (A) Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel showing the Gtfs content in the culture supernatant of S. mutans UA159 and the ∆ gtfB mutant, with arrows indicating GtfC and GtfD bands. (B) Zymogram assay detecting water-insoluble EPS synthesis activity of Gtfs. Bands corresponding to water-insoluble EPS are labeled. (C) 10-fold serial dilutions of bacteria were spotted onto BHIA plates 1 h and 7 h after treatment with and without ClyR, followed by observation and CFU counting after 48 h. (D) Survival rates of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were assessed 1 h and 7 h after exposure to ClyR (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).

Journal: Journal of Oral Microbiology

Article Title: Water-insoluble exopolysaccharide synthesized by glucosyltransferases mediates the antibacterial activity of ClyR against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2566894

Figure Lengend Snippet: The ∆ gtfB mutant lacking GtfB exhibited increased resistance to ClyR. (A) Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE gel showing the Gtfs content in the culture supernatant of S. mutans UA159 and the ∆ gtfB mutant, with arrows indicating GtfC and GtfD bands. (B) Zymogram assay detecting water-insoluble EPS synthesis activity of Gtfs. Bands corresponding to water-insoluble EPS are labeled. (C) 10-fold serial dilutions of bacteria were spotted onto BHIA plates 1 h and 7 h after treatment with and without ClyR, followed by observation and CFU counting after 48 h. (D) Survival rates of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were assessed 1 h and 7 h after exposure to ClyR (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The S. mutans UA159 strain was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA), and its derivative was provided by the State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases at Sichuan University.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Staining, SDS Page, Activity Assay, Labeling, Bacteria

Biomass and structure of S. mutans UA159 and ∆gtfB biofilms after ClyR treatment. (A) Biofilm morphology and biomass of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were examined using SEM (× 20,000 magnification) and CLSM. (B) Quantification of biofilm thickness loss, water-insoluble EPS loss, and bacterial reduction after ClyR treatment for both strains (** p < 0.01).

Journal: Journal of Oral Microbiology

Article Title: Water-insoluble exopolysaccharide synthesized by glucosyltransferases mediates the antibacterial activity of ClyR against Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2566894

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomass and structure of S. mutans UA159 and ∆gtfB biofilms after ClyR treatment. (A) Biofilm morphology and biomass of S. mutans UA159 and ∆ gtfB were examined using SEM (× 20,000 magnification) and CLSM. (B) Quantification of biofilm thickness loss, water-insoluble EPS loss, and bacterial reduction after ClyR treatment for both strains (** p < 0.01).

Techniques:

Inhibitory effect of BBR on the growth of bacteria. ( A ) The MIC and MBC values of BBR against planktonic bacteria. 10 6 CFU/mL bacteria in BHI broth were incubated with final concentrations of BBR ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL anaerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of BBR that inhibited visible bacterial growth. At the termination of the MIC assay, a volume of the culture was struck on BHIA and incubated to observe growth. The MBC was defined as the lowest concentration that yielded no colony growth by subculturing on BHIA plates. ( B–F ) The 24 h growth curve of planktonic S. mutans UA159, S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. mutans GS-5, S. gordonii DL-1, and S. mitis ATCC 6249 incubated under anaerobic conditions with/without treatment of BBR in a 96-well plate. The absorbance of each well was recorded every hour. ( G and H ) The short-term antibacterial effect of BBR on S. mutans UA159 was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU. S. mutans UA159 was treated with BBR for 5 min ( G ) and 10 min ( H ). The suspensions were then diluted and plated onto BHIA plates and incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 h to determine CFU counts. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (** P ＜0.01, *** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effect of BBR on the growth of bacteria. ( A ) The MIC and MBC values of BBR against planktonic bacteria. 10 6 CFU/mL bacteria in BHI broth were incubated with final concentrations of BBR ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL anaerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of BBR that inhibited visible bacterial growth. At the termination of the MIC assay, a volume of the culture was struck on BHIA and incubated to observe growth. The MBC was defined as the lowest concentration that yielded no colony growth by subculturing on BHIA plates. ( B–F ) The 24 h growth curve of planktonic S. mutans UA159, S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. mutans GS-5, S. gordonii DL-1, and S. mitis ATCC 6249 incubated under anaerobic conditions with/without treatment of BBR in a 96-well plate. The absorbance of each well was recorded every hour. ( G and H ) The short-term antibacterial effect of BBR on S. mutans UA159 was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU. S. mutans UA159 was treated with BBR for 5 min ( G ) and 10 min ( H ). The suspensions were then diluted and plated onto BHIA plates and incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 h to determine CFU counts. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (** P ＜0.01, *** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Bacteria, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Subculturing Assay

Effect of BBR on the biofilm formation of S. mutans . In these assays, BBR was incubated with S. mutans in BHIS for 24 h to evaluate its effect on the biofilm formation. ( A ) The crystal violet staining of S. mutans 24 h biofilms under the treatment of BBR. The images were taken from a 24-well cell culture plate. ( B ) The results of the crystal violet staining assay applied to S. mutans biofilms after treated with different concentrations of BBR for 24 h in BHIS. ( C ) SEM micro-images of S. mutans 24 h biofilms on glass coverslips. In the control group, S. mutans bacteria formed dense biofilms covered with large amounts of EPS (red arrows). Disrupted biofilm skeleton (yellow arrows) and enlarged biofilm pores (green arrows) were observed under the treatment of 50 µg/mL of BBR. Only a small number of morphologically irregular S. mutans and cell contents were observed under the treatment of 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL of BBR (purple arrows). Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BBR on the biofilm formation of S. mutans . In these assays, BBR was incubated with S. mutans in BHIS for 24 h to evaluate its effect on the biofilm formation. ( A ) The crystal violet staining of S. mutans 24 h biofilms under the treatment of BBR. The images were taken from a 24-well cell culture plate. ( B ) The results of the crystal violet staining assay applied to S. mutans biofilms after treated with different concentrations of BBR for 24 h in BHIS. ( C ) SEM micro-images of S. mutans 24 h biofilms on glass coverslips. In the control group, S. mutans bacteria formed dense biofilms covered with large amounts of EPS (red arrows). Disrupted biofilm skeleton (yellow arrows) and enlarged biofilm pores (green arrows) were observed under the treatment of 50 µg/mL of BBR. Only a small number of morphologically irregular S. mutans and cell contents were observed under the treatment of 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL of BBR (purple arrows). Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Staining, Cell Culture, Control, Bacteria

Quantification of S. mutans biofilm after treatment of BBR. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilms formed on glass coverslips. Live bacteria were green-labeled, and dead bacteria were red-labeled. ( B ) BBR reduced the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on S. mutans biofilm formation was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU in the biofilm in one well of the culture plate. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of S. mutans biofilm after treatment of BBR. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilms formed on glass coverslips. Live bacteria were green-labeled, and dead bacteria were red-labeled. ( B ) BBR reduced the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on S. mutans biofilm formation was assessed by measuring the average number of CFU in the biofilm in one well of the culture plate. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Bacteria, Software

Effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans mature biofilms treated with BBR. Live and dead bacteria were green-labeled and red-labeled, respectively. ( B ) BBR decreases the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans mature biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms was measured by the determination of the average number of CFUs in the biofilm. The S. mutans biofilms were cultured for 24 h without BBR. Then, BBR solution was added to each well for another 24 h. The data were collected at 48 h. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms. ( A ) Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans mature biofilms treated with BBR. Live and dead bacteria were green-labeled and red-labeled, respectively. ( B ) BBR decreases the proportion of live bacteria in S. mutans mature biofilms. ( C ) The effect of BBR on eradicating the S. mutans mature biofilms was measured by the determination of the average number of CFUs in the biofilm. The S. mutans biofilms were cultured for 24 h without BBR. Then, BBR solution was added to each well for another 24 h. The data were collected at 48 h. The analysis was performed using Image J COMSTAT software. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Bacteria, Cell Culture, Software

BBR inhibited S. mutans virulence factors. ( A ) Effect of BBR on the biofilm structure of S. mutans observed by CLSM. Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilm formed on glass coverslips. The fluorescence (SYTO 9) marks the live bacteria, while the red fluorescence (Concanavalin A-TRITC) marks the EPS synthesized by S. mutans . ( B ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm without the treatment of BBR. ( C ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm with the treatment of 50 µg/mL BBR. ( D ) Quantitative measurement of water-insoluble EPS by anthrone-sulfuric method. ( E ) Measurement of lactic acid production. ( F and G ) Effect of BBR on S. mutans glycolytic pH drop under 1% ( F ) and 0.1% ( G ) glucose. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: BBR inhibited S. mutans virulence factors. ( A ) Effect of BBR on the biofilm structure of S. mutans observed by CLSM. Double-labeling imaging of S. mutans 24 h biofilm formed on glass coverslips. The fluorescence (SYTO 9) marks the live bacteria, while the red fluorescence (Concanavalin A-TRITC) marks the EPS synthesized by S. mutans . ( B ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm without the treatment of BBR. ( C ) Quantification of the amounts of EPS and bacteria in each scanned layer of S. mutans 24 h biofilm with the treatment of 50 µg/mL BBR. ( D ) Quantitative measurement of water-insoluble EPS by anthrone-sulfuric method. ( E ) Measurement of lactic acid production. ( F and G ) Effect of BBR on S. mutans glycolytic pH drop under 1% ( F ) and 0.1% ( G ) glucose. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Labeling, Imaging, Fluorescence, Bacteria, Synthesized

The bactericidal mechanism of BBR on S. mutans . ( A ) Effect of BBR on aggregation. ( B ) Membrane depolarization activity of BBR was tested using DiSC3(5). ( C ) TEM micrographs of S. mutans . Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (* P ＜0.05, *** P ＜0.001).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: The bactericidal mechanism of BBR on S. mutans . ( A ) Effect of BBR on aggregation. ( B ) Membrane depolarization activity of BBR was tested using DiSC3(5). ( C ) TEM micrographs of S. mutans . Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (* P ＜0.05, *** P ＜0.001).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Membrane, Activity Assay

Effects of BBR on S. mutans gene expression. The relative mRNA expressions of gtfB , gtfC , gtfD , ldh , vicR , liaR , and comD were measured by qRT-PCR. S. mutans UA159 16S rRNA was used as an internal control. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001, ns, not statistically significant compared to the untreated control group).

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of BBR on S. mutans gene expression. The relative mRNA expressions of gtfB , gtfC , gtfD , ldh , vicR , liaR , and comD were measured by qRT-PCR. S. mutans UA159 16S rRNA was used as an internal control. Values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*** P ＜0.001, ns, not statistically significant compared to the untreated control group).

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Inhibitory effects of berberine against Streptococcus mutans : an in vitro insight on its anticaries potential

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.00700-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sequences of primers used in this study

Article Snippet: The bacterial strain S. mutans UA159 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Techniques:

Review

Structured Review

Images

1) Product Images from "Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans"

Similar Products

Image Search Results